logical1 - Required. First condition to test (e.g., A1>100, B2="Approved"). Must evaluate to TRUE or FALSE.
logical2 - Optional. Optional. Additional conditions to test. All must be TRUE to return TRUE. Up to 255 conditions allowed.
| A | B | C | D | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Applicant | Income | Credit | Result |
| 2 | Alice | 75000 | 720 | |
| 3 | Bob | 45000 | 680 | |
| 4 | =AND(B2>=50000, C2>=650) TRUE |
TRUE if A2>100 AND B2="Yes" (both must be true)
Returns TRUE only when both conditions pass
Returns "Eligible" only if BOTH conditions are TRUE
Essential pattern for approval workflows
TRUE only if ALL three conditions are met
Handles up to 255 conditions
AND requires every condition to pass
OR requires at least one condition to pass
Approve loans only when ALL criteria are met using multiple condition testing: minimum income, credit score, AND employment history. This logical formula ensures every requirement passes before approval - essential for financial institutions, lending operations, and risk management teams. This pattern works for any multi-criteria approval process: vendor qualification requiring certifications AND references AND financial stability; employee promotion requiring performance rating, tenure, plus skills assessment; project approval needing budget availability, resource capacity, plus strategic alignment. It prevents partial approvals that could create risk, making it critical for compliance and risk control.
| A | B | C | D | E | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Applicant | Income | Credit | Years Employed | Decision |
| 2 | Alice | $75,000 | 720 | 5 | |
| 3 | Bob | $45,000 | 680 | 3 | |
| 4 | Formula: | =IF(AND(B2>=50000, C2>=650, D2>=2), "APPROVED", "DENIED") APPROVED |
Use logical condition testing to validate data quality across multiple dimensions: check if values are within acceptable ranges AND formats are correct AND required fields are complete. This approach is essential for data analysts, operations managers, and quality assurance teams ensuring data integrity before processing. This validation technique prevents downstream errors in reporting, analytics, and automated workflows - validate that dates are within fiscal year, amounts are positive, plus department codes are valid; or check that order quantities are reasonable, delivery dates are future, plus customer IDs exist in the system. Master this formula for bulletproof data quality control.
| A | B | C | D | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Record | Amount | Date | Valid? |
| 2 | Order 1 | $1,500 | 2024-03-15 | |
| 3 | Order 2 | $-200 | 2023-01-01 | |
| 4 | Validation: | =IF(AND(B2>0, C2>=TODAY()-365), "VALID", "INVALID") VALID |
❌ The Problem:
✅ Solution:
=AND(A1>50, B1="Yes") for all-true logic, =OR(B1="Yes", B1="Maybe") for any-trueThis logical function requires all conditions to be TRUE. Use OR when you need at least one condition to be TRUE. Keep logic simple - nested AND/OR combinations should match your actual business rules. For complex scenarios, break into separate IF statements or use multiple columns for clarity and maintainability.
❌ The Problem:
✅ Solution:
=AND(A1>0, B1<>"", C1="Active")Always use explicit comparison operators (>, <, =, <>, >=, <=) when testing conditions. This formula evaluates logical tests, not raw values. Write clear logical tests that specify exactly what you're checking: A1>0 (numeric threshold), B1<>"" (not blank), C1="Active" (specific text match). This makes formulas self-documenting and prevents unexpected results.
❌ The Problem:
✅ Solution:
=IF(A1>100, "High", "Low")This function is designed for testing multiple conditions simultaneously. When you have only one condition, use IF directly. This makes formulas cleaner, faster, and easier to understand. Reserve AND for scenarios with 2 or more conditions that must all be TRUE - that's where it provides real value and clarity.
Master these AND variants:
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